Betaine yana da tasiri mai kyau ga hanjin aladu da aka yaye, amma sau da yawa ana mantawa da shi idan ana la'akari da yiwuwar ƙarin abinci don tallafawa lafiyar hanji ko rage matsalolin da ke tattare da gudawa bayan yayewa. Ƙara betaine a matsayin abinci mai gina jiki mai amfani ga abinci na iya shafar dabbobi ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Da farko, betaine yana da ƙarfin bayar da gudummawar ƙungiyar methyl, musamman a cikin hanta na dabbobi. Saboda canja wurin ƙungiyoyin methyl marasa ƙarfi, haɗakar mahadi daban-daban kamar methionine, carnitine da creatine yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, betaine yana shafar metabolism na furotin, lipid da makamashi na dabbobi, ta haka yana canza tsarin gawar.
Na biyu, ana iya ƙara betaine don ciyarwa a matsayin kariya daga shigar kwayoyin halitta. Betaine yana aiki a matsayin mai kare ƙwayoyin halitta, yana taimaka wa ƙwayoyin halitta a duk faɗin jiki su kiyaye daidaiton ruwa da ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta, musamman a lokutan damuwa. Misali sananne shine tasirin amfani da betaine ga dabbobin da ke fama da matsin lamba na zafi.
An bayyana tasirin amfani daban-daban ga aikin dabbobi sakamakon ƙarin betaine a cikin nau'in anhydrous ko hydrochloride. Wannan labarin zai mayar da hankali kan yuwuwar amfani da betaine a matsayin ƙarin abinci don tallafawa lafiyar hanji a cikin aladu da aka yaye.
Nazarce-nazarcen betaine da dama sun ba da rahoton tasirin betaine akan narkewar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ileum da hanjin aladu. An lura da yawan narkewar fiber a cikin ileum (danyen zare ko kuma tsaka tsaki da kuma sinadarin sabulun sabulun acid) akai-akai cewa betaine yana motsa fermentation na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙaramin hanji saboda enterocytes ba sa samar da enzymes masu lalata fiber. Sassan tsire-tsire masu fibrous suna ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina jiki waɗanda za a iya saki lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta suka ruɓe. Don haka, an kuma lura da ci gaba a narkewar busasshen abu da toka. A matakin dukkan hanyoyin narkewar abinci, aladu da aka ciyar da abinci na 800 mg betaine/kg sun nuna ingantaccen narkewar furotin na ɗanyen (+6.4%) da busasshen abu (+4.2%). Bugu da ƙari, wani bincike ya gano cewa an inganta bayyanar narkewar furotin na ɗanyen (+3.7%) da kuma cire ether (+6.7%) tare da ƙarin betaine a 1250 mg/kg.
Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ƙaruwar shan sinadarin gina jiki da aka lura da shi shine tasirin betaine akan samar da enzyme. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan kan tasirin ƙarin betaine a cikin aladu da aka yaye ya tantance aikin enzymes na narkewar abinci (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin da chymotrypsin) a cikin narkewar abinci (Hoto na 1). Ayyukan dukkan enzymes sun ƙaru, ban da maltase, kuma tasirin betaine ya fi bayyana a cikin adadin 2500 mg na betaine/kg fiye da a kashi na 1250 mg/kg na ciyarwa. Ƙara yawan aiki na iya faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar samar da enzyme, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar ingancin enzymes na catalytic. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa ayyukan trypsin da amylase suna hana su ta hanyar ƙirƙirar matsin lamba mai yawa ta hanyar ƙara NaCl. A cikin wannan gwajin, ƙara betaine a wurare daban-daban ya dawo da tasirin hana NaCl da ingantaccen aikin enzyme. Duk da haka, lokacin da ba a ƙara sodium chloride a cikin maganin buffer ba, hadaddun abubuwan da ke cikin betaine ba shi da wani tasiri ga aikin enzyme a ƙananan yawan abubuwan da ke cikinsa, amma ya nuna tasirin hanawa a yawan abubuwan da ke cikinsa.
An bayar da rahoton ingantaccen aikin girma da kuma yawan canza abinci a cikin abincin da aladu ke ci, da kuma ingantaccen narkewar abinci. Ƙara betaine a cikin abincin alade shi ma yana rage buƙatun kuzarin dabbar. Hasashe na wannan tasirin da aka lura shi ne cewa lokacin da betaine ke samuwa don kula da matsin lamba na osmotic a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, buƙatar famfon ion (wani tsari da ke buƙatar kuzari) yana raguwa. Don haka, a cikin yanayi inda yawan kuzari ke da iyaka, ana sa ran tasirin ƙarin betaine zai fi girma ta hanyar ƙara girma maimakon kiyaye buƙatun makamashi.
Kwayoyin epithelial na bangon hanji dole ne su fuskanci yanayin osmotic mai canzawa wanda abubuwan da ke cikin lumen na hanji ke haifarwa yayin narkewar abinci mai gina jiki. A lokaci guda, waɗannan ƙwayoyin epithelial na hanji suna da mahimmanci don sarrafa musayar ruwa da nau'ikan abubuwan gina jiki daban-daban tsakanin lumen na hanji da plasma. Don kare ƙwayoyin daga waɗannan yanayi masu wahala, betaine muhimmin abu ne na shiga cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan ka duba yawan betaine a cikin kyallen takarda daban-daban, za ka ga cewa yawan betaine a cikin kyallen hanji yana da matakan betaine mai yawa. Bugu da ƙari, an lura cewa waɗannan matakan na iya shafar yawan betaine na abinci. Kwayoyin da suka dace za su sami ingantaccen ƙarfin yaduwa da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau. A taƙaice, masu binciken sun gano cewa ƙaruwar matakan betaine a cikin aladu ya ƙara tsayin duodenal villi da zurfin crypts na ileal, kuma villi ya zama iri ɗaya.
A wani bincike kuma, an ga ƙaruwar tsayin villous ba tare da wani tasiri ga zurfin crypt ba a cikin duodenum, jejunum, da ileum. Tasirin kariya na betaine akan tsarin hanji na iya zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin takamaiman cututtukan (osmotic), kamar yadda aka gani a cikin kaji masu cin nama tare da coccidia.
Katangar hanji galibi ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin epithelial waɗanda ke haɗe da juna ta hanyar sunadaran haɗin gwiwa masu ƙarfi. Ingancin wannan katangar yana da mahimmanci don hana shigar abubuwa masu cutarwa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa waɗanda za su iya haifar da kumburi. A cikin aladu, ana tsammanin mummunan tasirin da ke kan katangar hanji sakamakon gurɓatar abinci da ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba ko ɗaya daga cikin mummunan tasirin damuwa na zafi.
Domin auna tasirin da ke kan tasirin shingen, ana gwada layukan tantanin halitta sau da yawa a cikin vitro ta hanyar auna juriyar lantarki ta transepithelial (TEER). An lura da ci gaba a cikin TEER a cikin gwaje-gwaje da yawa na in vitro saboda amfani da betaine. TEER yana raguwa lokacin da ƙwayoyin halitta suka fuskanci yanayin zafi mai yawa (42°C) (Hoto na 2). Ƙara betaine zuwa ga hanyar girma na waɗannan ƙwayoyin da aka dumama ya magance raguwar TEER, yana nuna ingantaccen jurewar zafi. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin in vivo a cikin aladu ya nuna ƙaruwar bayyanar sunadaran haɗin gwiwa masu tauri (occludin, claudin1 da zonula occlusions-1) a cikin ƙwayar jejunal na dabbobin da ke karɓar betaine a kashi 1250 mg/kg idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. Bugu da ƙari, aikin diamine oxidase, alamar lalacewar mucosa na hanji, ya ragu sosai a cikin plasma na waɗannan aladu, yana nuna ƙarfi a cikin shingen hanji. Lokacin da aka ƙara betaine a cikin abincin aladu masu ƙarewa, an auna ƙaruwar ƙarfin tururin hanji a lokacin yanka.
Kwanan nan, bincike da dama sun danganta betaine da tsarin hana tsufa kuma sun bayyana raguwar free radicals, raguwar matakan malondialdehyde (MDA), da kuma karuwar ayyukan glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan a kan aladu ya nuna cewa aikin GSH-Px a cikin jejunum ya karu, yayin da betaine na abinci bai yi wani tasiri ga MDA ba.
Ba wai kawai betaine yana aiki a matsayin mai kare dabbobi ba, har ma da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban na iya tara betaine ta hanyar haɗa de novo ko jigilar su daga muhalli. Akwai shaida cewa betaine na iya yin tasiri mai kyau akan ƙwayoyin cuta na tsarin narkewar abinci na aladu da aka yaye. Jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na ileal ya ƙaru, musamman bifidobacteria da lactobacilli. Bugu da ƙari, an gano ƙarancin adadin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin bayan gida.
Tasirin ƙarshe da aka lura da shi na betaine akan lafiyar hanji a cikin aladu da aka yaye shi ne raguwar kamuwa da gudawa. Wannan tasirin na iya dogara da kashi: ƙarin abinci tare da betaine a kashi 2500 mg/kg ya fi tasiri wajen rage kamuwa da gudawa fiye da betaine a kashi 1250 mg/kg. Duk da haka, aikin aladu da aka yaye ya yi kama da juna a matakan kari biyu. Wasu masu bincike sun nuna ƙarancin gudawa da rashin lafiya a cikin aladu da aka yaye lokacin da aka ƙara betaine 800 mg/kg.
Abin sha'awa, betaine hydrochloride yana da tasirin acidifying a matsayin tushen betaine. A magani, ana amfani da kari na betaine hydrochloride sau da yawa tare da pepsin don taimakawa mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin ciki da narkewar abinci. A wannan yanayin, betaine hydrochloride yana aiki azaman tushen hydrochloric acid mai aminci. Kodayake babu wani bayani game da wannan kadarar lokacin da aka haɗa betaine hydrochloride a cikin abincin alade, yana iya zama mahimmanci. An san cewa a cikin alade da aka yaye pH na ciki na iya zama mai girma (pH > 4), wanda hakan ke katse kunna enzyme mai lalata furotin pepsin a cikin pepsinogen da ya riga ya fara. Ingantaccen narkewar furotin yana da mahimmanci ba wai kawai don dabbobi su iya cin cikakkiyar amfani da wannan sinadari ba. Bugu da ƙari, furotin mara narkewa na iya haifar da yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta marasa amfani da kuma ƙara ta'azzara matsalar gudawa bayan yayewa. Betaine yana da ƙarancin ƙimar pKa na kimanin 1.8, wanda ke sa betaine hydrochloride ya rabu lokacin da aka sha, wanda ke haifar da acidification na ciki. An lura da wannan sake acidification na ɗan lokaci a cikin nazarin ɗan adam na farko da kuma a cikin nazarin karnuka. Karnukan da aka yi wa magani da magungunan rage acid sun fuskanci raguwar pH na ciki daga kimanin pH 7 zuwa pH 2 bayan shan magani guda ɗaya na 750 mg ko 1500 mg na betaine hydrochloride. Duk da haka, a cikin karnukan da ba su karɓi maganin ba, pH na ciki ya ragu sosai. Kimanin 2, ba tare da la'akari da shan betaine HCl ba.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com