Kaza ita ce mafi girman samfurin samar da nama da kuma amfani da shi a duniya. Kimanin kashi 70% na kazar duniya ta fito ne daga kazar fararen fuka-fukai. Kazar ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a kasar Sin. Kazar a kasar Sin galibi tana fitowa ne daga kazar fararen fuka-fukai da kuma kazar rawaya fuka-fukai. Gudunmawar kazar fararen fuka-fukai ga samar da kazar a kasar Sin kusan kashi 45% ne, yayin da kazar rawaya fuka-fukai kusan kashi 38%.

Kaza mai gashin fuka-fukai fari ita ce wadda take da mafi ƙarancin rabon ciyar da nama, mafi girman matakin kiwo mai girma da kuma mafi girman matakin dogaro da kai daga waje. Nau'in kaza mai gashin fuka-fukai masu launin rawaya da ake amfani da su a masana'antar China duk nau'ikan kiwo ne da kansu, kuma adadin nau'ikan da aka noma shine mafi girma a cikin dukkan nau'ikan kiwo da kaji, wanda hakan misali ne mai nasara na canza fa'idar albarkatun nau'ikan gida zuwa fa'idar samfura.

1, Tarihin ci gaban nau'ikan kaji

Kaza ta gida ta kasance tana kiwon dabbobin daji na Asiya shekaru 7000-10000 da suka gabata, kuma tarihinta na kiwon dabbobi ya koma sama da 1000 BC. Kaza ta gida tana kama da kazar ta asali a siffar jiki, launin gashin fuka-fukai, waƙa da sauransu. Nazarin cytogenetic da morphological sun tabbatar da cewa kazar ta asali ita ce kakanni kai tsaye na kazar ta zamani. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan Gallinula guda huɗu, waɗanda suke ja (Gallus gallus, Hoto na 3), koren wuya (Gallus daban-daban), baki mai wutsiya (Gallus lafayetii) da Gray Striped (Gallus sonnerati). Akwai ra'ayoyi biyu daban-daban game da asalin kazar gida daga kazar ta asali: ka'idar asali ɗaya ta ce ana iya kiwon kazar ta asali ta Ja sau ɗaya ko fiye; Dangane da ka'idar asali da yawa, ban da kazar ja mai ja, sauran Kazan Jungle suma kakannin kazan gida ne. A halin yanzu, yawancin bincike suna goyon bayan ka'idar asali ɗaya, wato, kazar gida galibi ta samo asali ne daga kazar ja mai ja.

 

(1) Tsarin kiwo na kaji na ƙasashen waje

Kafin shekarun 1930, an gudanar da zaɓin rukuni da kuma noman da ba shi da asali. Babban halayen zaɓi sune aikin samar da ƙwai, kaji ya kasance samfurin da aka samo daga gare shi, kuma kiwo kaji ƙaramin tsari ne na tattalin arziki a farfajiya. Tare da ƙirƙirar akwatin ƙwai na rufewa kai tsaye a shekarun 1930, an zaɓi aikin samar da ƙwai bisa ga rikodin samar da ƙwai na mutum ɗaya; A shekarun 1930-50, ta amfani da fasahar masara mai haɗin kai biyu a matsayin abin da aka ambata, an gabatar da heterosis a cikin kiwo kaji, wanda ya maye gurbin kiwo mai tsabta da sauri, kuma ya zama babban abin da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kaji na kasuwanci. Hanyoyin daidaitawa na haɗakarwa sun bunƙasa a hankali tun daga farkon haɗakar biyu zuwa daidaitawar ternary da Quaternary. An inganta ingancin zaɓi na haruffan gado masu iyaka da ƙarancin gado bayan an fara rikodin zuriyar dabbobi a shekarun 1940, kuma ana iya guje wa raguwar hayayyafa da dangi ke haifarwa. Bayan 1945, wasu cibiyoyi ko tashoshin gwaji a Turai da Amurka sun gudanar da gwaje-gwajen samfura bazuwar. Manufar ita ce a tantance nau'ikan da ke shiga cikin tantancewar da kyau a ƙarƙashin yanayi ɗaya na muhalli, kuma ta taka rawa sosai wajen inganta kasuwar nau'ikan iri masu kyau tare da kyakkyawan aiki. An kawo ƙarshen irin wannan aikin auna aiki a shekarun 1970. A shekarun 1960-1980, babban zaɓin halaye masu sauƙin aunawa, kamar samar da ƙwai, ƙimar ƙyanƙyashewa, ƙimar girma da ƙimar canza abinci, galibi an yi su ne da kaji na ƙashi da kuma cin abinci a gida. Ƙin tantance adadin juyawar abinci a keji ɗaya tun daga shekarun 1980 ya taka rawa kai tsaye wajen rage yawan amfani da abincin broiler da inganta yawan amfani da abincin. Tun daga shekarun 1990, an mai da hankali kan halayen sarrafawa, kamar nauyin ramin net da nauyin sternum mara ƙashi. Amfani da hanyoyin kimanta kwayoyin halitta kamar mafi kyawun hasashen layi mara son kai (BLUP) da ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka kiwo. Bayan shiga ƙarni na 21, kiwo na broiler ya fara la'akari da ingancin kayayyaki da jin daɗin dabbobi. A halin yanzu, fasahar kiwo ta kwayoyin halitta ta broiler wacce aka wakilta ta hanyar zaɓin genome wide selection (GS) tana canzawa daga bincike da haɓakawa zuwa aikace-aikace.

(2) Tsarin kiwo na Broiler a China

A tsakiyar karni na 19, kaji na gida a China sun kasance kan gaba a duniya wajen yin ƙwai da samar da nama. Misali, gabatar da kaji na dutse na kerkẽci da kaji na launin rawaya na Jin guda tara daga Jiangsu da Shanghai a China, sannan daga Burtaniya zuwa Amurka, bayan haihuwa, an amince da shi a matsayin nau'in da aka saba da shi a ƙasashen biyu. Ana ɗaukar Kaji na Langshan a matsayin nau'in da ake amfani da shi sau biyu, kuma ana ɗaukar kaji na launin rawaya na Jin guda tara a matsayin nau'in nama. Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci kan ƙirƙirar wasu nau'ikan dabbobi da kaji da suka shahara a duniya, kamar su Burtaniya opington da Australiya Black Australia sun gabatar da alaƙar jini tsakanin kaji na dutse na kerkẽci a China. Rockcock, Luodao ja da sauran nau'ikan kuma suna ɗaukar kaji na launin rawaya na Jin guda tara a matsayin kayan kiwo. Daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa 1930, ƙwai da kaji suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a fitar da su zuwa China. Amma a cikin dogon lokaci bayan haka, masana'antar kiwon kaji a China ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin kiwo mai yawa, kuma matakin samar da kaji ya yi nisa da matakin ci gaba a duniya. A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, an zaɓi nau'ikan kaji guda uku na Huiyang, kaji hemp na Qingyuan da kaji Shiqi a matsayin manyan abubuwan ingantawa a Hong Kong. An gudanar da wannan kaji ta hanyar amfani da sabbin Han Xia, bailoc, baikonish da habad don kiwon kaji na Shiqi hybrid, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samarwa da cin naman kaza na Hong Kong. Daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, an gabatar da kaji na Shiqi hybrid zuwa Guangdong da Guangxi, kuma an haɗa shi da kaji fari masu recessive, wanda ya samar da kaji na Shiqi hybrid wanda aka gyara kuma ya yadu sosai a samarwa. Daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, mun yi amfani da kiwo na hybrid da zaɓin iyali don noman sabon kaji na dutse na kerkeci, kaji na Xinpu East da kaji na Xinyangzhou. Daga 1983 zuwa 2015, masu kiwon tsuntsayen rawaya sun rungumi hanyar kiwo a arewa da kudu, kuma sun yi amfani da cikakken amfani da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yanayin yanayi, ciyarwa, ƙarfin ma'aikata da fasahar kiwo tsakanin arewa da kudu, sannan suka yi kiwon kajin iyaye a yankunan arewacin Henan, Shanxi da Shaanxi. An mayar da ƙwai na kasuwanci zuwa kudu don shiryawa da kiwo, wanda ya inganta yadda ake samar da masu kiwon tsuntsayen rawaya. Tsarin kiwon tsuntsayen rawaya ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Gabatar da kwayoyin halitta masu amfani kamar kwayoyin halitta masu ƙarancin hatsi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta (DW gene) da kwayar halittar farin gashin tsuntsu mai launin recessive sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiwon masu kiwon tsuntsayen rawaya a China. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nau'ikan masu kiwon tsuntsayen rawaya a China sun yi amfani da waɗannan dabarun. A shekarar 1986, kamfanin haɓaka kaji na Guangzhou Baiyun ya gabatar da kaji masu launin recessive da kuma kaji masu launin Shiqi don kiwo tsuntsayen rawaya guda 882. A shekarar 1999, kamfanin Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. ya samar da layin farko na naman kaza mai launin rawaya 128 (Hoto na 4) wanda jihar ta amince da shi. Bayan haka, sabon noman naman kaza mai launin rawaya a China ya shiga cikin sauri lokacin haɓakawa. Domin daidaita gwajin iri da amincewa, an kafa Cibiyar Kula da Ingancin Kaji da dubawa da Gwaji (Yangzhou) ta Ma'aikatar Noma da yankunan karkara (Beijing) a shekarar 1998 da 2003 bi da bi, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin auna aikin samar da kaji na ƙasa.

 

2, Ci gaban kiwo na zamani na broiler a gida da waje

(1) Ci gaban ƙasashen waje

Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1950, ci gaban kiwo na kwayoyin halitta ya kafa harsashin samar da kaji na zamani, ya haɓaka ƙwarewa a fannin samar da ƙwai da kaji, kuma samar da kaji na broiler ya zama masana'antar kaji mai zaman kanta. A cikin shekaru 80 da suka gabata, Arewacin Amurka da ƙasashen Yammacin Turai sun gudanar da kiwo na kwayoyin halitta don ƙimar girma, ladan ciyarwa da kuma haɗa gawar kaji, suna samar da nau'ikan kaji na farin fuka-fukai na yau kuma suna mamaye kasuwar duniya cikin sauri. Layin namiji na broiler na farin fuka-fukai na zamani shine farin kaji na Cornish, layin mace kuma shine farin kaji na Plymouth Rock. Ana samar da heterosis ta hanyar haɗuwa ta tsari. A halin yanzu, ciki har da China, manyan nau'ikan da ake amfani da su wajen samar da farin fuka-fukai na broiler a duniya sune AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard da wasu nau'ikan, waɗanda suka fito daga aviagen da Cobb vantress bi da bi. White fuka-fukai na broiler yana da tsarin kiwo mai girma da cikakke, yana samar da tsarin dala wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar kiwo, kakanni, kakanni, iyaye da kaji na kasuwanci. Yana ɗaukar shekaru 4-5 kafin a yada ci gaban kwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin halittar zuwa ga kaji na kasuwanci (Hoto na 5). Kaji ɗaya na iya samar da kaji na kasuwanci sama da miliyan 3 da kuma kaji sama da tan 5000. A halin yanzu, duniya tana samar da kimanin kakanni masu kiwon kakanni masu gashin fuka-fukai miliyan 11.6, kakanni masu kiwon kakanni miliyan 600 da kuma kaji na kasuwanci biliyan 80 kowace shekara.

 

3. Matsaloli da rashin daidaito

(1) Kiwo namomin kaza masu launin fari

Idan aka kwatanta da matakin ci gaba na kiwo na kaji masu gashin fuka-fukai na duniya, lokacin kiwo na kaji masu gashin fuka-fukai na kasar Sin mai zaman kansa yana da gajeru, tushen tarin kayan kwayoyin halitta mai inganci yana da rauni, amfani da sabbin fasahohi kamar kiwo na kwayoyin halitta bai isa ba, kuma akwai babban gibi a cikin bincike da haɓaka fasahar tsarkake cututtukan asali da samfuran gano su. Cikakkun bayanai sune kamar haka: 1. Kamfanonin kasashe daban-daban suna da jerin nau'ikan iri masu kyau tare da saurin girma da yawan samar da nama, kuma ta hanyar haɗaka da sake tsara kamfanonin kiwo kamar kaji da yadudduka, kayan da kwayoyin halitta suna ƙara wadata, wanda ke ba da garantin kiwo sabbin nau'ikan; Albarkatun kiwo na kaji masu gashin fuka-fukai na farin a kasar Sin suna da tushe mai rauni da ƙarancin kayan kiwo masu kyau.

2. Fasahar kiwo. Idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ƙasashen duniya na duniya waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar kiwo sama da shekaru 100, kiwo farin kifi mai gashin fuka-fukai a China ya fara a makare, kuma akwai babban gibi tsakanin bincike da amfani da fasahar kiwo mai daidaito tsakanin girma da haifuwa da matakin ci gaba na duniya. Matsayin aikace-aikacen sabbin fasahohi kamar kiwo na kwayoyin halitta ba shi da yawa; Rashin fasahar aunawa mai inganci, tattara bayanai ta atomatik da matakin aikace-aikacen watsawa yana da ƙasa.

3. Fasahar tsarkakewa ta cututtukan asali. Manyan kamfanonin kiwon kaji na duniya sun ɗauki ingantattun matakan tsarkakewa don cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa a tsaye na cutar sankarar bargo ta tsuntsaye, cutar pullorum da sauran cututtuka, wanda hakan ya inganta gasa a cikin kayayyakin. Tsaftace cutar sankarar bargo da cutar pullorum wani abu ne da ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban masana'antar kiwon kaji ta China, kuma kayan gano cutar sun dogara sosai kan shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje.

(2) Kiwo namomin kaza masu launin rawaya

Kiwo da samar da kaji mai launin rawaya a China suna kan gaba a duniya. Duk da haka, adadin kamfanonin kiwo yana da yawa, girman ba shi da daidaito, ƙarfin fasaha gabaɗaya yana da rauni, amfani da fasahar kiwo mai ci gaba bai isa ba, kuma wuraren kiwo da kayan aiki suna da koma baya; Akwai wani matakin sake maimaita kiwo, kuma akwai ƙananan nau'ikan asali masu halaye a bayyane, kyakkyawan aiki da babban rabo a kasuwa; Na dogon lokaci, burin kiwo shine daidaitawa da alaƙar sayar da kaji kai tsaye, kamar launin gashin fuka-fukai, siffar jiki da bayyanar, waɗanda ba za su iya biyan buƙatun kasuwa na yanka da kayayyakin sanyi a ƙarƙashin sabon yanayin ba.

Akwai nau'ikan kaji na gida da yawa a China, waɗanda suka samar da kyawawan halaye na kwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin yanayi na dogon lokaci da rikitarwa na muhalli da tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, na dogon lokaci, akwai rashin zurfafa bincike kan halayen albarkatun germplasm, bincike da kimanta albarkatun iri-iri ba su da isassu, kuma bincike da kimantawa rashin isasshen tallafi na bayanai ne. Bugu da ƙari, gina tsarin sa ido mai ƙarfi na albarkatun iri-iri bai isa ba, kuma kimanta halayen albarkatu tare da ƙarfin daidaitawa, yawan amfanin ƙasa mai yawa da inganci a cikin albarkatun kwayoyin halitta ba cikakke bane kuma mai tsari, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin hakar ma'adinai da amfani da kyawawan halaye na nau'ikan gida, yana hana tsarin kariya, haɓakawa da amfani da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta na gida, kuma yana shafar matakin samar da masana'antar kaji a China Gasar kasuwa ta kayayyakin kaji da ci gaban masana'antar kaji mai dorewa.